Performance Testing Oracle via JDBC with LoadRunner – Basics

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="entry" style="background-color: white; color: #737984; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">This post discusses a method for testing Oracle via a JDBC connection, to simulate application interaction with the database. It is designed as an introduction to get you started, where you take it from there is up to you.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;"><span id="more-35"></span></div><h1 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-top: 20px;">Understanding JDBC</h1><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API is the industry standard for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases—SQL databases and other tabular data sources, such as spreadsheets or flat files. The JDBC API provides a call-level API for SQL-based database access.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The JDBC Thin Driver used in this method is a JDBC Type 4 driver that uses Java to connect directly to Oracle via the TNS protocol. This driver is written completely in Java and is hence platform independent and provides the best performance of all JDBC driver types.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDBC_driver#Type_4_Driver_-_Native-Protocol_Driver" style="color: #3aa6d8; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="JDBC - Type 4 Driver - Native-Protocol Driver" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-300" height="414" src="http://www.headwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/File_Native_Protocol_driver.png" style="border: none; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px 0px;" title="File_Native_Protocol_driver" width="343" /></a></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="more"></a>Connection String Examples</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The following URL connects user joel with password sydney to a database with service orcl (Important: see more on services) through port 1521 of host myhost, using the Thin driver.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">jdbc:oracle:thin:joel/sydney@//headwired.com:1521/orcl</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">This URL connects to the same database using the the OCI driver and the SID inst1 without specifying the username or password.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">jdbc:oracle:oci:@headwired.com:1521:inst1</div><h1 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-top: 20px;">LoadRunner Oracle via JDBC (Java VUser)</h1><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">As JDBC is widely used and documented in the Java world, we can use the Java Vuser to use the Java JDBC examples directly in our Vuser script.</div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Requirements</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">In order to script an Oracle JDBC connection you require</div><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">JDBC Connection String</li><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">JDK</li><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">Oracle JDBC Drivers</li></ol><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">JDK Path</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">As a Java VUser, the JDK location must be set. This is required to be the same for all load generators as this is a run-time setting for the script rather than the generator itself. In the example (See Figure 1) the JDK path is set to “C:\JDK\”. Note that this JDK directory must contain a “bin” directory that contains the <em>javac.exe</em>.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Runtime Settings - JDK" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-414" height="255" src="http://www.headwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Runtime_Settings-JDK.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px 0px;" title="Runtime_Settings-JDK" width="382" /></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Script Type</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The script type used for Java is the “Java Record Replay” or whatever you have a license for.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;"><img alt="LR Record Replay" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-421" height="93" src="http://www.headwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/LR_Record_Replay.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px 0px;" title="LR_Record_Replay" width="204" /></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Database Drivers</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">To establish a connection to the database, we are obviously using JDBC. In this example we will be using the “Thin” drivers as they are considered to be smaller and faster than the OCI drivers, and doesn’t require a pre-installed version of the JDBC drivers. This is particularly important for managing the Oracle JDBC drivers across multiple machines. With the Thin driver, we can include the Oracle thing JDBC driver JAR files directly in our script to make them portable and not have to worry about installing them on each and every load generator.</div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;"><img alt="Oracle Drivers Included" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-415" height="127" src="http://www.headwired.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Oracle_Drivers_Included.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px 0px;" title="Oracle_Drivers_Included" width="116" /></div><h2 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px;">Scripting</h2><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Java vs. C</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The JDBC connection script uses a Java VUser as opposed to the regular C script. As much as it would be simpler to stick with C for familiarity, as JDBC is a Java API, it made sense. There are a few small changes with Java script when compared to a C script</div><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">vuser_init and vuser_end are contained in the action script</li><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">Every function is different than in C (lr_start_transaction(); becomes lr.start_transaction();)</li><li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 7px 0px 8px 10px; padding: 0px;">You now have to worry about JDK and Class path run-time settings</li></ol><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">It is important to consider these elements, especially point 3. The JDK run-time setting must specify the JDK location path. This path will have to be the same on ALL load generation machines.</div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Connecting to the Database</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">There are two steps in a Java to connect to an Oracle database via a JDBC connection. The first step is to dynamically load the Oracle JDBC driver class.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Load Oracle JDBC Driver</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Class</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">forName</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre></div></div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The second step is to make the connection to the database using a JDBC connection string, username and password. The following example is connecting to the <em>headwired.com</em> host on port <em>1521</em> and the database SID of<em>HWD</em>.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Specify the JDBC Connection String</span><br /><span style="color: #003399;">String</span> url <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: blue;">"jdbc:oracle:thin:@headwired.com:1521:HWD"</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Connect to URL using USERNAME and PASSWORD</span><br />connection <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #003399;">DriverManager</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">getConnection</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>url,<span style="color: blue;">"HEADWIRED"</span>,lr.<span style="color: #006633;">decrypt</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"4b102b"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre></div></div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">Of course being Java, we have to do all the work and specify what we would like to happen if any of the steps fail. The following is an example of an init function that is designed to connect to the database and gracefully abort the Vuser if the database connection cannot be made.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Create global connection variable</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">private</span> <span style="color: #003399;">Connection</span> connection<span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// VUser Init</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> init<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">throws</span> <span style="color: #003399;">ClassNotFoundException</span>, <span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Load Oracle JDBC Driver</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Class</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">forName</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">Exception</span> ex<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// If driver load is unsuccessful</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database Driver not found"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">abort</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Specify the JDBC Connection String (jdbc:oracle:thin:@HOST:PORT:SID)</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">String</span> url <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: blue;">"jdbc:oracle:thin:@headwired.com:1521:HWD"</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Connect to URL using USERNAME and PASSWORD</span><br /> connection <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #003399;">DriverManager</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">getConnection</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>url,<span style="color: blue;">"HEADWIRED"</span>,lr.<span style="color: #006633;">decrypt</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"4b102b"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"JDBC Connection Successful"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// If Connection Failed</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database Connection Failed, Please check your connection string"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">abort</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//end of init</span></pre></div></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Database Query Function</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">In an effort to make scripts as easy to read and understand as possible, I have written a database query function that will return a pass or fail for the currently open transaction. This function performs a Database Query with the parsed in query. The Java code to execute a query against out JDBC connection is as follows.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: #003399;">String</span> SQL_QUERY <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> “SELECT <span style="color: #339933;">*</span> FROM TABLE”<span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #003399;">Statement</span> stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #003399;">ResultSet</span> rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br />connection.<span style="color: #006633;">setAutoCommit</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">false</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br />stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> connection.<span style="color: #006633;">createStatement</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br />rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> stmt.<span style="color: #006633;">executeQuery</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>SQL_QUERY<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br />rset.<span style="color: #006633;">close</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span></pre></div></div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">The results of the query can be printed using the following code. Note that logging / printing of results should be avoided in a performance test script as takes additional time and processing power to log something that we should not need to look at. This is provided for debugging purposes only.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">while</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span>rset.<span style="color: #006633;">next</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>rset.<span style="color: #006633;">getString</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">1</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #009900;">}</span></pre></div></div><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">Being Java of course we have to provide a very verbose bit of code to get our errors handled. The following is the entire database_query function.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">String</span> SQL_QUERY<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">Statement</span> stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">ResultSet</span> rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> connection.<span style="color: #006633;">setAutoCommit</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">false</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> connection.<span style="color: #006633;">createStatement</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> stmt.<span style="color: #006633;">executeQuery</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>SQL_QUERY<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// The transaction can be set to a Passed Status</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">set_transaction_status</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>lr.<span style="color: #006633;">PASS</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Print the results (For Debugging Only)</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">/*<br /> while (rset.next()) {<br /> lr.log_message(rset.getString(1));<br /> }<br /> lr.log_message("SQL Query Executed Successfully");<br /> */</span><br /> rset.<span style="color: #006633;">close</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// SQL Query has failed</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Caught Exception: "</span> <span style="color: #339933;">+</span> e.<span style="color: #006633;">getMessage</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// The transaction must be set to a Failed Status</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">set_transaction_status</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>lr.<span style="color: #006633;">FAIL</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">1</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #009900;">}</span></pre></div></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Scripting a Scenario</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">Through the use of functions such as database_query, our actual script can be kept very clean. An example that performs three SQL queries on the database with a 5 second think time is below. Note that the example shows SELECT statements, however any SQL command could be used.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><div class="code" style="padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> action<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">throws</span> <span style="color: #003399;">ClassNotFoundException</span>, <span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 1</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_1"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"select BANNER from VERSION"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_1"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">think_time</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">5</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 2</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_2"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"SELECT * from POST_DETAILS"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_2"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">think_time</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">5</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 3</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_3"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"select * from users"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_3"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">think_time</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">5</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//end of action</span></pre></div></div><h3 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: normal; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Verifying the Response</h3><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">In database performance testing, it is not commonplace to verify the SQL results other than to ensure that the query has been successfully executed by the server. The Java <em>executeQuery</em> function utilised by the <em>database_query</em>function will return an exception if the query is not successfully executed. The db_query function will return the first 10 records from a result set. To get the full SQL results parsed across the network, you will need to process them with the “getString” function of the resultset. In the case where keyword type checks would want to be performed on the SQL results, the same code to print the response could be used to check the results one by one with some form of validation.</div><h1 style="color: #3aa6d8; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-top: 20px;">Example Script</h1><div style="clear: both; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">Here is the full example script for you to try. Please feel free to submit corrections or improvements.</div><div class="wp_syntax" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid silver; color: #110000; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; width: 560px;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(166, 180, 198); color: #7f8ea5; vertical-align: bottom;"><tbody><tr><td class="line_numbers" style="background-color: #ddeeff; border: 1px solid rgb(166, 180, 198); color: grey; overflow: visible; padding: 2px 4px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"><pre style="clear: none; float: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;">1<br />2<br />3<br />4<br />5<br />6<br />7<br />8<br />9<br />10<br />11<br />12<br />13<br />14<br />15<br />16<br />17<br />18<br />19<br />20<br />21<br />22<br />23<br />24<br />25<br />26<br />27<br />28<br />29<br />30<br />31<br />32<br />33<br />34<br />35<br />36<br />37<br />38<br />39<br />40<br />41<br />42<br />43<br />44<br />45<br />46<br />47<br />48<br />49<br />50<br />51<br />52<br />53<br />54<br />55<br />56<br />57<br />58<br />59<br />60<br />61<br />62<br />63<br />64<br />65<br />66<br />67<br />68<br />69<br />70<br />71<br />72<br />73<br />74<br />75<br />76<br />77<br />78<br />79<br />80<br />81<br />82<br />83<br />84<br />85<br />86<br />87<br />88<br />89<br />90<br />91<br />92<br />93<br />94<br /></pre></td><td class="code" style="border: 1px solid rgb(166, 180, 198); padding: 2px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><pre class="java" style="clear: none; float: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.333; overflow: visible; text-align: left; width: auto;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">/*<br /> * LoadRunner Java script.<br /> * Description: Oracle Database Testing via JDBC<br /> */</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #006699;">lrapi.lr</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #006699;">java.sql.Connection</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #006699;">java.sql.DriverManager</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #006699;">java.sql.SQLException</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #006699;">java.sql.*</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">class</span> Actions<br /><span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Create global connection variable</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">private</span> <span style="color: #003399;">Connection</span> connection<span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// VUser Init</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> init<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">throws</span> <span style="color: #003399;">ClassNotFoundException</span>, <span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Initialize DB connection</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//connection = null;</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Load Oracle JDBC Driver</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Class</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">forName</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">Exception</span> ex<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// If driver load is unsuccessful</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database Driver not found"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">abort</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Specify the JDBC Connection String (jdbc:oracle:thin:@HOST:PORT:SID)</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">String</span> url <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: blue;">"jdbc:oracle:thin:@headwired:1521:SID"</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Connect to URL using USERNAME and PASSWORD</span><br /> connection <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #003399;">DriverManager</span>.<span style="color: #006633;">getConnection</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>url,<span style="color: blue;">"USER_NAME"</span>,lr.<span style="color: #006633;">decrypt</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"myencryptedpasswordgoeshere"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"JDBC Connection Successful"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// If Connection Failed</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database Connection Failed, Please check your connection string"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">abort</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//end of init</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> action<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">throws</span> <span style="color: #003399;">ClassNotFoundException</span>, <span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 1</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_1"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"select BANNER from TABLE_1"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_1"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 2</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_2"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"SELECT * from TABLE_2"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_2"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Database Query Example 3</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">start_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_3"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"select * from TABLE_3"</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">end_transaction</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Database_Query_3"</span>, lr.<span style="color: #006633;">AUTO</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//end of action</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> end<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">throws</span> <span style="color: #003399;">Throwable</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> connection <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//end of end</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Function: database_query</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Argument: SQL Query String</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// Performs an SQL Query String, and returns pass or fail for the current transaction</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">int</span> database_query<span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">String</span> SQL_QUERY<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">Statement</span> stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #003399;">ResultSet</span> rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> <span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">null</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">try</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> connection.<span style="color: #006633;">setAutoCommit</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #000066; font-weight: bold;">false</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> stmt <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> connection.<span style="color: #006633;">createStatement</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> rset <span style="color: #339933;">=</span> stmt.<span style="color: #006633;">executeQuery</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>SQL_QUERY<span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">set_transaction_status</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>lr.<span style="color: #006633;">PASS</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// while (rset.next()) { // Print the results of the query</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// lr.log_message(rset.getString(1)); // Note: This should be used for debugging only,</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// } // as it slows down execution time</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">//lr.log_message("SQL Query Executed Successfully");</span><br /> rset.<span style="color: #006633;">close</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">catch</span> <span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #003399;">SQLException</span> e<span style="color: #009900;">)</span> <span style="color: #009900;">{</span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">// SQL Query has failed</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">log_message</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">"Caught Exception: "</span> <span style="color: #339933;">+</span> e.<span style="color: #006633;">getMessage</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> lr.<span style="color: #006633;">set_transaction_status</span><span style="color: #009900;">(</span>lr.<span style="color: #006633;">FAIL</span><span style="color: #009900;">)</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">1</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /> <span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #cc66cc;">0</span><span style="color: #339933;">;</span><br /> <span style="color: #009900;">}</span><br /><span style="color: #009900;">}</span></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

Performance Testing Oracle via JDBC with LoadRunner – Basics

This post discusses a method for testing Oracle via a JDBC connection, to simulate application interaction with the database. It is designed...

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Important RFCs Protocols by TLA

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">RFCs often cover protocols with a well-known acronym, but the acronym itself is rarely given in the RFC title, just its expansion. Therefore, if you know the acronym but not what it stands for, you may not be able to find the RFC. This table gives the most common protocol acronyms and links you to their RFC.</span><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc826.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">ARP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc951.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">BOOTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2131.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">DHCP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">DNS</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc862.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">ECHO</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1288.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">FINGER</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc959.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">FTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">HTML 2.0</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">HTTP/1.1</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc792.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">ICMP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1112.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">IGMP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2060.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">IMAP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">IP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">IPv6</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2810.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">IRC</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">MAIL</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">MIME</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1813.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">NFS</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc977.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">NNTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1305.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">NTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1939.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">POP3</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1661.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">PPP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc865.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">QUOTE</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc903.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RARP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1831.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RPC</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1055.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SLIP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc821.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SMTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1157.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SNMP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1592.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SNMPv2</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2030.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SNTPv4</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1928.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">SOCKS</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">TCP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc854.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">TELNET</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1350.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">TFTP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc868.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">TIME</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc768.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">UDP</a><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1832.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">XDR</a></div></div>

Important RFCs Protocols by TLA

RFCs often cover protocols with a well-known acronym, but the acronym itself is rarely given in the RFC title, just its expansion. Therefore...

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Important RFCs Useful Non-official Protocols

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">These are RFCs that are useful to application programmers, but not officially accepted as Internet-wide standards. They tend to be</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;"> </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">de facto</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px;">standards, however.</span><br /><a name="more"></a><div id="body" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 20px 40px 10px 20px; padding-left: 30px;"><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc896.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 896</a> — <i>Congestion Control in IP/TCP Internetworks</i>, J. Nagle, 1/6/1984, 9 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc977.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 977</a> — <i>Network News Transfer Protocol</i>, B. Kantor, P. Lapsley, 2/1/1986, 27 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1013.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1013</a> — <i>X Window System Protocol, version 11</i>, R. Scheifler, 6/1/1987, 101 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1592.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1592</a> — <i>Simple Network Management Protocol Distributed Protocol Interface Version 2.0</i>, B. Wijnen, G. Carpenter, K. Curran, A. Sehgal, G. Waters, 3/3/1994, 54 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1813.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1813</a> — <i>NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification</i>, B. Callaghan, B. Pawlowski, P. Staubach, 6/21/1995, 126 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1831.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1831</a> — <i>Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2</i>, R. Srinivasan, 8/9/1995, 18 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1832.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1832</a> — <i>External Data Representation Standard</i>, R. Srinivasan, 8/9/1995, 24 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1833.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1833</a> — <i>Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2</i>, R. Srinivasan, 8/9/1995, 14 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1866</a> — <i>Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0</i>, T. Berners-Lee, D. Connolly, 11/3/1995, 77 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1867.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1867</a> — <i>Form-based File Upload in HTML</i>, E. Nebel, L. Masinter, 11/7/1995, 13 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1918.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1918</a> — <i>Address Allocation for Private Internets</i>, Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot, E. Lear, 2/29/1996, 9 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1928.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1928</a> — <i>SOCKS Protocol Version 5</i>, M. Leech, M. Ganis, Y. Lee, R. Kuris, D. Koblas, L. Jones, 4/3/1996, 9 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2030.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2030</a> — <i>Simple Network Time Protocol Version 4 for IPv4</i>, D. Mills, 10/30/1996, 18 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2045</a> — <i>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies</i>, N. Freed, N. Borenstein, 12/2/1996, 31 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2046</a> — <i>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types</i>, N. Freed, N. Borenstein, 12/2/1996, 44 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2047.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2047</a> — <i>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text</i>, K. Moore, 12/2/1996, 15 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2048.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2048</a> — <i>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures</i>, N. Freed, J. Klensin, J. Postel, 1/28/1997, 21 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2049.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2049</a> — <i>Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Five: Conformance Criteria and Examples</i>, N. Freed, N. Borenstein, 12/2/1996, 24 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2054.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2054</a> — <i>WebNFS Client Specification</i>, B. Callaghan, 10/31/1996, 16 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2055.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2055</a> — <i>WebNFS Server Specification</i>, B. Callaghan, 10/31/1996, 10 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2060.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2060</a> — <i>Internet Message Access Protocol - Version 4rev1</i>, M. Crispin, 12/4/1996, 82 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2131.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2131</a> — <i>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</i>, R. Droms, 3/1997, 45 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2460</a> — <i>Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</i>, S. Deering, R. Hinden, 12/1998, 39 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2616</a> — <i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1</i>, R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee, 6/1999, 176 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2810.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2810</a> — <i>Internet Relay Chat: Architecture</i>, C. Kalt, 4/2000, 10 pp.Updates <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1459.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1459</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2811.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2811</a> — <i>Internet Relay Chat: Channel Management</i>, C. Kalt, 4/2000, 19 pp.Updates <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1459.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1459</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2812.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2812</a> — <i>Internet Relay Chat: Client Protocol</i>, C. Kalt, 4/2000, 63 pp.Updates <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1459.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1459</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2813.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2813</a> — <i>Internet Relay Chat: Server Protocol</i>, C. Kalt, 4/2000, 26 pp.Updates <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1459.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1459</a>.</div></div></div>

Important RFCs Useful Non-official Protocols

These are RFCs that are useful to application programmers, but not officially accepted as Internet-wide standards. They tend to be   de fact...

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Important RFCs Official Internet Protocols

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div id="body" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Luxi Serif', 'New Century Schoolbook', 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 20px 40px 10px 20px; padding-left: 30px;"><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;">While most RFCs are just proposals, miscellaneous protocol descriptions, or opinion/information documents, these few protocols are the true “Internet standards” among the RFCs.<br /><br /></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;">This page was derived from section 3.1 of <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5000.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 5000</a>, the <i>Internet Official Protocol Standards</i> document. This document is re-issued occasionally, always numbered so as to be evenly-divisible by 100, so RFC 5100 or whatever might be out by the time you read this, with new protocols not mentioned here. Not every possible number in that series is used for this purpose. The current version’s replacement could be called RFC 5200, or 5300, or... It depends on how many protocols get dubbed “official” by the time the next number in the series comes around.<br /><a name="more"></a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5000.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 5000</a> (STD 1) — <i>Internet Official Protocol Standards</i>, RFC Editor, 5/2008, 75 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1700.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1700</a> (STD 2) — <i>Assigned Numbers</i>, J. Reynolds, J. Postel, 10/20/1994, 320 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1122.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1122</a> (STD 3) — <i>Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication layers</i>, R. Braden, 10/1/1989, 116 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1123</a> (STD 3) — <i>Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and support</i>, R. Braden, 10/1/1989, 98 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 791</a> (STD 5) — <i>Internet Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 9/1/1981, 45 pp., ammended by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc950.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 950</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc919.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 919</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc922.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 922</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc792.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 792</a> (STD 5) — <i>Internet Control Message Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 9/1/1981, 21 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1112.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1112</a> (STD 5) — <i>Host extensions for IP multicasting</i>, S. Deering, 8/1/1989, 17 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc768.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 768</a> (STD 6) — <i>User Datagram Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 8/28/1980, 3 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 793</a> (STD 7) — <i>Transmission Control Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 9/1/1981, 85 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc854.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 854</a> (STD 8) — <i>Telnet Protocol specification</i>, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, 5/1/1983, 15 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc855.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 855</a> (STD 8) — <i>Telnet option specifications</i>, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, 5/1/1983, 4 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc959.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 959</a> (STD 9) — <i>File Transfer Protocol</i>, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, 10/1/1985, 69 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2228.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2228</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2640.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2640</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc821.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 821</a> (STD 10) — <i>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 8/1/1982, 58 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1869.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1869</a> (STD 10) — <i>SMTP Service Extensions</i>, J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, D. Crocker, 11/6/1995, 11 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1870.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1870</a> (STD 10) — <i>SMTP Service Extension for Message Size Declaration</i>, J. Klensin, N. Freed, K. Moore, 11/6/1995, 9 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 822</a> (STD 11) — <i>Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages</i>, D. Crocker, 8/13/1982, 47 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1327.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1327</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1049.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1049</a> (STD 11) — <i>Content-type header field for Internet messages</i>, M. Sirbu, 3/1/1988, 8 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1505.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1505</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1034</a> (STD 13) — <i>Domain names - concepts and facilities</i>, P. Mockapetris, 11/1/1987, 55 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2535.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2535</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2308.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2308</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2181.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2181</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1982.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1982</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1876.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1876</a>,<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1348.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1348</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1183.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1183</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1101.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1101</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1035</a> (STD 13) — <i>Domain names - implementation and specification</i>, P. Mockapetris, 11/1/1987, 55 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2535.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2535</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2308.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2308</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2181.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2181</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2137.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2137</a>,<a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2136.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2136</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1996.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1996</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1995.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1995</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1982.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1982</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1876.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1876</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1348.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1348</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1183.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1183</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1101.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1101</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc974.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 974</a> (STD 14) — <i>Mail routing and the domain system</i>, C. Partridge, 1/1/1986, 7 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1157.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1157</a> (STD 15) — <i>A Simple Network Management Protocol</i>, M. Schoffstall, M. Fedor, J. Davin, J. Case, 5/10/1990, 36 pp., Updates <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1098.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1098</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1212.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1212</a> (STD 16) — <i>Concise MIB Definitions</i>, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose, 3/26/1991, 19 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1155.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1155</a> (STD 17) — <i>Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets</i>, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose, 5/10/1990, 22 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1212.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1212</a> (STD 17) — <i>Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II</i>, K. McCloghrie, M. Rose, 3/26/1991, 70 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2011.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2011</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2012.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2012</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2013.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 2013</a>.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1001.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1001</a> (STD 19) — <i>Protocol standard for a NetBIOS service on a TCP/UDP transport: Concepts and methods</i>, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, End-to-End Services Task Force, Internet Activities Board, NetBIOS Working Group, 3/1/1987, 68 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1002.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1002</a> (STD 19) — <i>Protocol standard for a NetBIOS service on a TCP/UDP transport: Detailed specifications</i>, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, End-to-End Services Task Force, Internet Activities Board, NetBIOS Working Group, 3/1/1987, 85 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc862.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 862</a> (STD 20) — <i>Echo Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 1 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc863.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 863</a> (STD 21) — <i>Discard Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 1 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc864.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 864</a> (STD 22) — <i>Character Generator Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 3 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc865.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 865</a> (STD 23) — <i>Quote of the Day Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 1 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc866.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 866</a> (STD 24) — <i>Active users</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 1 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc867.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 867</a> (STD 25) — <i>Daytime Protocol</i>, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 2 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc868.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 868</a> (STD 26) — <i>Time Protocol</i>, K. Harrenstein, J. Postel, 5/1/1983, 2 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1350.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1350</a> (STD 33) — <i>The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2)</i>, K. Sollins, 7/10/1992, 11 pp., updated by <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1782.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1782</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1783.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1783</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1784.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1784</a>, <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1785.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1785</a></div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1006.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1006</a> (STD 35) — <i>ISO transport services on top of the TCP: Version: 3</i>, D. Cass, M. Rose, 5/1/1987, 17 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc826.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 826</a> (STD 37) — <i>Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol</i>, D. Plummer, 11/1/1982, 10 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc903.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 903</a> (STD 38) — <i>Reverse Address Resolution Protocol</i>, R. Finlayson, T. Mann, J. Mogul, M. Theimer, 6/1/1984, 4 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1643.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1643</a> (STD 50) — <i>Definitions of Managed Objects for the Ethernet-like Interface Types</i>, F. Kastenholz, 7/13/1994, 19 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1661.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1661</a> (STD 51) — <i>The Point-to-Point Protocol</i>, W. Simpson, 7/21/1994, 54 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1662.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1662</a> (STD 51) — <i>PPP in HDLC-like Framing</i>, W. Simpson, 7/21/1994, 27 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1209.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1209</a> (STD 52) — <i>The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the SMDS Service</i>, J. Lawrence, D. Piscitello, 3/6/1991, 11 pp.</div><div style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 20pt;"><br /><a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1939.txt" style="color: #7d2e01;">RFC 1939</a> (STD 53) — <i>Post Office Protocol - Version 3</i>, J. Myers, M. Rose, 5/14/1996, 23 pp.</div></div></div>

Important RFCs Official Internet Protocols

While most RFCs are just proposals, miscellaneous protocol descriptions, or opinion/information documents, these few protocols are the true ...

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How to Forge Email with Windows XP Telnet

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Want a computer you can telnet into and mess around with, and not get into trouble no matter what you do to it? I've set up my<br />techbroker.com (206.61.52.33) with user xyz, password guest for you to play with. Here's how to forge email to xyz@techbroker.com using<br />telnet. Start with the command:</span></div><a name="more"></a><o:p></o:p><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\>telnet techbroker.com 25<br />Connecting To Techbroker.com<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">220 <techbroker.com> Service ready<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now you type in who you want the message to appear to come from:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">helo santa@techbroker.com<br />Techbroker.com will answer:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">250 <techbroker.com> host ready<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Next type in your mail from address:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mail from:santa@techbroker.com<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">250 Requested mail action okay, completed<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Your next command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">rcpt to:xyz@techbroker.com<br />250 Requested mail action okay, completed<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Your next command:<br />data<br />354 Start main input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Newbie note: <CRLF> just means hit return. In case you can't see that little period between the <CRLF>s, what you do to end composing your email is to hit enter, type a period, then hit enter again.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anyhow, try typing:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is a test.<br />.<br />250 Requested mail action okay, completed<br />quit<br />221 <techbroker.com> Service closing transmission channel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Connection to host lost.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Using techbroker's mail server, even if you enable full headers, the<br />message we just composed looks like:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Status: R<br />X-status: N<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is a test.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">That's a pretty pathetic forged email, huh? No "from", no date.<br />However, you can make your headers better by using a trick with the data command. After you give it, you can insert as many headers as you choose. The trick is easier to show than explain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">220 <techbroker.com> Service ready<br />helo santa@northpole.org<br />250 <techbroker.com> host ready<br />mail from:santa@northpole.com<br />250 Requested mail action okay, completed<br />rcpt to:<script language="JavaScript"><!-- var name = "cmeinel"; var domain = "techbroker.com"; document.write('<a href=\"mailto:' + name + '@' + domain + '\">'); document.write(name + '@' + domain + '</a>'); // --></script><br />250 Requested mail action okay, completed<br />data<br />354 Start main input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF><br />from:santa@deer.northpole.org<br />Date: Mon, 21 Oct 2002 10:09:16 -0500<br />Subject: Rudolf<br />This is a Santa test.<br />.<br />250 Requested mail action okay, completed<br />quit<br />221 <techbroker.com> Service closing transmission channel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Connection to host lost.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The message then looks like:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">from:santa@deer.northpole.org<br />Date: Mon, 21 Oct 2002 10:09:16 -0500<br />Subject: Rudolf<br />This is a Santa test.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The trick is to start each line you want in the headers with one word<br />followed by a colon, and the a line followed by "return". As soon as<br />you write a line that doesn't begin this way, the rest of what you<br />type goes into the body of the email.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Notice that the santa@northpole.com from the "mail from:" command didn't show up in the header. Some mail servers would show both "from" addresses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You can forge email on techbroker.com within one strict limitation.<br />Your email has to go to someone at techbroker.com. If you can find any way to send email to someone outside techbroker, let us know, because you will have broken our security, muhahaha! Don't worry, you have my permission.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Next, you can read the email you forge on techbroker.com via telnet:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\>telnet techbroker.com 110<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">+OK <30961.5910984301@techbroker.com> service ready<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Give this command:<br />user xyz<br />+OK user is known<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then type in this:<br />pass test<br />+OK mail drop has 2 message(s)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">retr 1<br />+OK message follows<br />This is a test.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you want to know all possible commands, give this command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">help<br />+OK help list follows<br />USER user<br />PASS password<br />STAT<br />LIST [message]<br />RETR message<br />DELE message<br />NOOP<br />RSET<br />QUIT<br />APOP user md5<br />TOP message lines<br />UIDL [message]<br />HELP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unless you use a weird online provider like AOL, you can use these<br />same tricks to send and receive your own email. Or you can forge email to a friend by telnetting to his or her online provider's email<br />sending computer(s).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div>

How to Forge Email with Windows XP Telnet

Want a computer you can telnet into and mess around with, and not get into trouble no matter what you do to it? I've set up my techbroke...

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How to Telnet with Windows XP

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The queen of hacker commands is telnet. To get Windows help for<br />telnet, in the cmd.exe window give the command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\>telnet /?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here's what you will get:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">telnet [-a][-e escape char][-f log file][-l user][-t term][host<br />[port]]<br />-a Attempt automatic logon. Same as -l option except uses<br />the currently logged on user's name.<br />-e Escape character to enter telnet client prompt.<br />-f File name for client side logging<br />-l Specifies the user name to log in with on the remote system.<br />Requires that the remote system support the TELNET ENVIRON<br />option.<br />-t Specifies terminal type.<br />Supported term types are vt100, vt52, ansi and vtnt only.<br />host Specifies the hostname or IP address of the remote computer<br />to connect to.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">port Specifies a port number or service name.</span></div><a name="more"></a><o:p></o:p><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">****************<br /><span style="color: blue;">Newbie note: what is a port on a computer? A computer port is sort of like a seaport. It's where things can go in and/or out of a computer. Some ports are easy to understand, like keyboard, monitor, printer and modem. Other ports are virtual, meaning that they are created by software. When that modem port of yours (or LAN or ISDN or DSL) is connected to the Internet, your computer has the ability to open or close any of over 65,000 different virtual ports, and has the ability to connect to any of these on another computer - if it is running that port, and if a firewall doesn?t block it.</span><br />****************<br />****************<br /><span style="color: blue;">Newbie note: How do you address a computer over the Internet? There are two ways: by number or by name. </span><br />****************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The simplest use of telnet is to log into a remote computer. Give the<br />command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:/>telnet targetcomputer.com (substituting the name of the computer you want to telnet into for targetcomputer.com)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If this computer is set up to let people log into accounts, you may<br />get the message:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">login:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Type your user name here, making sure to be exact. You can't swap between lower case and capital letters. For example, user name Guest is not the same as guest.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">****************<br /><span style="color: blue;">Newbie note: Lots of people email me asking how to learn what their user name and password are. Stop laughing, darn it, they really do. If you don't know your user name and password, that means whoever runs that computer didn't give you an account and doesn't want you to log on.</span><br />****************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then comes the message:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Password:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Again, be exact in typing in your password.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What if this doesn't work?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Every day people write to me complaining they can't telnet. That is<br />usually because they try to telnet into a computer, or a port on a<br />computer that is set up to refuse telnet connections. Here's what it<br />might look like when a computer refuses a telnet connection:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\ >telnet 10.0.0.3<br />Connecting To 10.0.0.3...Could not open connection to the host, on port 23. A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Or you might see:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\ >telnet techbroker.com<br />Connecting To techbroker.com...Could not open connection to the host, on port 23.<br />No connection could be made because the target machine actively<br />refused it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you just give the telnet command without giving a port number, it<br />will automatically try to connect on port 23, which sometimes runs a<br />telnet server.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">**************<br /><span style="color: blue;">Newbie note: your Windows computer has a telnet client program,<br />meaning it will let you telnet out of it. However you have to install<br />a telnet server before anyone can telnet into port 23 on your<br />computer.</span><br />*************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If telnet failed to connect, possibly the computer you were trying to<br />telnet into was down or just plain no longer in existence. Maybe the<br />people who run that computer don't want you to telnet into it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Telnet into a Shell Account</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even though you can't telnet into an account inside some computer, often you can get some information back or get that computer to do something interesting for you. Yes, you can get a telnet connection to succeed -without doing anything illegal --against almost any computer, even if you don't have permission to log in. There are many legal things you can do to many randomly chosen computers with telnet. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:/telnet freeshell.org 22<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SSH-1.99-OpenSSH_3.4p1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">That tells us the target computer is running an SSH server, which enables encrypted connections between computers. If you want to SSH into an account there, you can get a shell account for free at<br /><u><span style="color: blue;"><http://freeshell.org/></span></u> . You can get a free SSH client program from<br /><u><span style="color: blue;"><http://winfiles.com/></span></u> .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One reason most hackers have shell accounts on Internet servers is because you can meet the real hackers there. When you've logged in, give the command w or who. That gives a list of user names. You can talk to other users with tht talk command. Another fun thing, if your shell account allows it, is to give the command<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ps -auxww<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It might tell you what commands and processes other users are running. Ask other users what they are doing and they might teach you something. Just be careful not to be a pest!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">***************<br /><span style="color: red;">You can get punched in the nose warning: Your online provider might kick you off for making telnet probes of other computers. The solution is to get a local online provider and make friends with the people who run it, and convince them you are just doing harmless, legal explorations.</span><br />*************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sometimes a port is running an interesting program, but a firewall won't let you in. For example, 10.0.0.3, a computer on my local area network, runs an email sending program, (sendmail working together with Postfix, and using Kmail to compose emails). I can use it from an account inside 10.0.0.3 to send emails with headers that hide from where I send things.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If I try to telnet to this email program from outside this computer,<br />here's what happens:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C:\>telnet 10.0.0.3 25<br />Connecting To 10.0.0.3...Could not open connection to the host, on<br />port 25.<br />No connection could be made because the target machine actively<br />refused it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">However, if I log into an account on 10.0.0.3 and then telnet from<br />inside to port 25, here's what I get:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Last login: Fri Oct 18 13:56:58 2002 from 10.0.0.1<br />Have a lot of fun...<br />cmeinel@test-box:~> telnet localhost 25<br />Trying ::1...<br />telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused<br />Trying 127.0.0.1... [Carolyn's note: 127.0.0.1 is the numerical<br />address meaning localhost, the same computer you are logged into]<br />Connected to localhost.<br />Escape character is '^]'.<br />220 test-box.local ESMTP Postfix<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The reason I keep this port 25 hidden behind a firewall is to keep<br />people from using it to try to break in or to forge email. Now the<br />ubergeniuses reading this will start to make fun of me because no<br />Internet address that begins with 10. is reachable from the Internet.<br />However, sometimes I place this "test-box" computer online with a<br />static Internet address, meaning whenever it is on the Internet, it<br />always has the same numerical address. I'm not going to tell you what its Internet address is because I don't want anyone messing with it. I just want to mess with other people's computers with it, muhahaha. That's also why I always keep my Internet address from showing up in the headers of my emails.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">***************<br /><span style="color: blue;">Newbie note: What is all this about headers? It's stuff at the<br />beginning of an email that may - or may not - tell you a lot about<br />where it came from and when. To see full headers, in Outlook click<br />view -> full headers. In Eudora, click the "Blah blah blah" icon.</span><br />****************<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div>

How to Telnet with Windows XP

The queen of hacker commands is telnet. To get Windows help for telnet, in the cmd.exe window give the command: C:\>telnet /? Here's ...

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Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this Guide you will learn:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What is telnet?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to telnet</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to get telnet accounts <begin11c.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Why you might not want to telnet <begin11c.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to install a telnet server on your home Windows computer <begin11c.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to turn off a telnet server on your home Linux computer <begin11d.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to explore computers using telnet <begin11d.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Why not use a portscanner instead? <begin11f.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How to break into web sites using telnet <begin11f.shtml></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">"Where do I type that command?" People ask that all the time when they read my early Guides to (mostly) Harmless Hacking. I wrote those guides back when the Internet was in its infancy and almost everyone in cyberspace used telnet. However, nowadays you might never even hear about telnet, much less use it, unless you are a hacker. So if you are still wondering about telnet, today is your lucky day.</span></div><a name="more"></a><o:p></o:p><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What Is Telnet?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Telnet is a protocol that is most commonly used to log into a remote computer. It also is the single most powerful hacking tool on the planet. With just a telnet client program, you can:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">send email <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">download source code from web sites <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">send unexpected input to webservers that can give you amazing and sometimes illegal results <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">give arbitrary input to many other services on Internet host computers <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">probe the services offered by servers, routers and even people's home computers. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Telnet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Don't know how to telnet? Click the easy telnet links at happyhacker.com and land in the middle of a real hacker wargame! This should work regardless of your computer operating system -- if you have an up to date browser, if your online service provider gives you a true Internet connection, and if your computer is able to telnet at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Did those links get you into a telnet session? Were you able to login to a remote computer? If yes, congratulations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If not, how can you fix the problem? If no telnet program appeared on your monitor when you clicked these links, perhaps your browser is too ancient to allow telnet. Try installing the latest Netscape browser (<u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.netscape.com/></span></u>). Or, perhaps your operating system does not include a telnet program. In that case, install or reinstall Windows 95 or 98. If you own a Mac, get the superb Mac OS X or Linux PPC (<u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.linuxppc.com/></span></u>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If a telnet program came up and failed to connect, possibly the computer you were trying to telnet into was down or just plain no longer in existence. Or, you may be using America Online (or a similar extremely poor online service). If so, your simplest solution may be to get a better online service provider. Determined to hack using AOL? <u><span style="color: blue;">See http://happyhacker.org/aol.shtml <../aol.shtml></span></u> for some ways to make AOL give you a true Internet connection.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OK, so you've managed to telnet for the first time. Presumably you don't want to limit yourself to telnet links on web sites. How do you telnet anywhere you want to go?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you have Linux or any other type of Unix (BSD, SCO, Solaris, Sun OS, Irix, Ultrix, etc.) telneting is easy. Just bring up "console" or "shell" (or whatever your GUI calls the command line interface). At the prompt type:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">telnet <hostname or IP address><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">More on Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Windows 2000 works pretty much like Unix. See Figure 1 for an example of a Win 2000 telnet login. Not shown on the screen was the command "telnet 10.0.0.10", which I gave at the Command (MS-DOS) prompt.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Figure 1: Telnet using Windows 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you have Windows 95, 98 or NT, to telnet, bring up the MS-DOS prompt (Start --> Programs --> MS-DOS). <br /><br />Click "connect" then "remote system…". In the host name box place the host name or IP address of the computer to which you wish to telnet. Leave the Port and Term Type boxes alone for now.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here is a really important point. Every day people email me complaining that some computer won't let them telnet into it. They ask what they are doing wrong. They aren't doing anything wrong:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maybe the computer they are trying to reach no longer exists. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maybe the computer they are trying to reach doesn't allow telnet logins. For example, whois.internic.net no longer allows telnet logins on port 23 (the default port). <u><span style="color: blue;">Click here to learn how to telnet into whois.internic.net on the right port for that particular server. <../whois.shtml></span></u> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maybe a firewall is blocking them. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Or maybe they make a telnet connection and the remote computer asks for a user name and password they don't have. Then they email me asking for how to get a login name and password that will work. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Newbie note: The owners or administrators of any Internet host computer decide who gets user names and passwords. Believe it or not, about once a week someone emails me asking what user name and password their own online service provider has assigned them for a telnet login. That's why I'm telling people the obvious -- if you want to telnet into any computer, and you don't have a user name and password, you must ask the owner, administrator of tech support for that system for a user name and password. If they won't give that to you, they don't want you to have it!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You can go to jail warning: If you guess the user name and password, or use a computer breakin technique to get or create them, or if someone other than an owner or administrator or a legitimate user on that system gives you a user name and password, it is against the law to use them. Many computer criminals give out user names and passwords that they obtained illegally.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">More on Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Get Telnet Accounts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OK, so you want to get legal user names and passwords so you can telnet into other computers. Here are some of the best ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">See <u><span style="color: blue;">http://happyhacker.org/links2.shtml#shells <../links2.shtml></span></u> for organizations that will give you free shell accounts. You can telnet into these. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ask Internet Service Providers for shell accounts. Some offer them, although most don't. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Set up a telnet server on your own computer (see instructions below). Yes, once you are running a telnet server, you can telnet from your computer back into your computer. Simply give the command "telnet 127.0.0.1". <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Make friends with people who run Internet computers with telnet servers. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Why you May Not Want to Telnet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you love your shell account server, don't ever, ever telnet or ftp into it. I recommend Ssh or Openssh for logging into remote computers? The telnet (and ftp) protocol is a "clear text" transmission. That means that computer on the same LAN as either You or your destination computer, or any computer on any LAN or network path through which your connection passes can steal your login name, password or anything else that goes across your connection. Ssh and OpenSsh encrypt all communications so no one can snoop on you.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Install a Telnet Server on your Windows Computer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Usually you can't telnet into a Windows home computer. The reason is, they aren't running telnet servers. Here's how to get a telnet server on your home Windows computers so your friends and you can telnet in and play.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For Windows NT, the Options Pack includes a primitive telnet server.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For Windows 95/98/NT and 2000, you also can install shareware or commercial telnet servers. Check out http://www.winfiles.com, or do a web search.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Of course installing a telnet server makes your computer vulnerable to all sorts of trouble from hackers. It's your funeral, don't come crying top me if a telnet visitor destroys your computer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">More on Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Turn off a Telnet Server on your Unix-type Computer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you go online with Linux or other Unix-type computer, a telnet server is the easiest way to ensure you get destroyed by a malicious hacker. Here's how to prevent this. On most of these, the file /etc/inetd.conf launches most of your servers. Edit the file to put a "#" in front of the line that has telnet in it and either reboot your computer or kill and restart inetd.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If your computer doesn't use inetd to launch services, you should be able to find telnetd under /etc/init.d.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Install ssh instead and only use that to log into your shell account.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Explore Computers Using Telnet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even if a computer doesn't have a telnet server, there are lots of fun and even legal things to do to it using telnet. The easiest thing to do is extract "banners" from a victim computer. A banner is a message a computer will often give when you telnet to a port that is running an Internet server of some sort.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For example, most mail sending servers use port 25. To telnet to port 25 from Win 2000 or a Unix shell, simply type:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">telnet <hostname or IP address> 25<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Windows 95, 98 and NT make it a tiny bit harder. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">More on Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If the victim computer is running a mail server, you will see something that looks like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whoa, look at that! The victim computer told us what operating system (Windows NT) and mail server (Mercur) it runs!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A quick search of the Bugtraq archives at <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.securityfocus.com/></span></u>revealed horrid things a criminal could do to that Mercur mail server. Since I think it is more fun to be nice, I told someone at the company using this mail server about the problems. He invited me to vacation at his beautiful Swiss home, where he and his wife keep horses and take long trail rides in the Alps. Golly, that is much more fun than breaking into a computer!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Right about now some elite ueberhaxorz are probably reading this and saying "What a lamer Meinel is! We can do the same thing by running nmap."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are right, you can learn the same things by running a port scanning program such as nmap (available at <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.insecure.org/></span></u>). However, I am quite careful about under what circumstances I run any port scanner. In order to get information on what programs are running on what ports, you must run a port scanner in a mode that will probably convince the owner of the victim computer that you are a criminal. He or she may persuade your online service provider to cancel your account.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The other reason to analyze computers using telnet is that you learn more. It's the difference between eating at McDonalds and learning how to cook.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">More on Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A quick search of the Bugtraq archives at <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.securityfocus.com/></span></u>revealed horrid things a criminal could do to that Mercur mail server. Since I think it is more fun to be nice, I told someone at the company using this mail server about the problems. He invited me to vacation at his beautiful Swiss home, where he and his wife keep horses and take long trail rides in the Alps. Golly, that is much more fun than breaking into a computer!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Right about now some elite ueberhaxorz are probably reading this and saying "What a lamer Meinel is! We can do the same thing by running nmap."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are right, you can learn the same things by running a port scanning program such as nmap (available at <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.insecure.org/></span></u>). However, I am quite careful about under what circumstances I run any port scanner. In order to get information on what programs are running on what ports, you must run a port scanner in a mode that will probably convince the owner of the victim computer that you are a criminal. He or she may persuade your online service provider to cancel your account.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The other reason to analyze computers using telnet is that you learn more. It's the difference between eating at McDonalds and learning how to cook.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How to Break into Web Sites Using Telnet</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You don't have to use a web browser to access files on a web site. All you need to do is:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">telnet <victimcomputer> 80<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Or specify port 80 in a Windows telnet.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If you are using Windows 95/98/NT, whenever you are NOT logging into a telnet account, you should enable local echo. Otherwise whatever you type in (unless you are in a telnet account) will not show on the screen. To enable local echo, click Terminal --> Preferences --> Local Echo.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So how do you send stuff back to the webserver? Try this:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">GET / HTTP/1.0<br /><your command here><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What kinds of commands can you send? The book <u><span style="color: blue;">Hackproofing Your Network <../bookstore/general.shtml></span></u> (by Ryan Russell of Securityfocus.com and Stance Cunningham) suggests a fun and harmless hack. Create and store a bogus cookie in the location on your web browser that stores cookies. (Find it by searching for the file "cookies.txt".) Name your bogus cookie something like "MyBogusCookie." Then telnet to the victim webserver and give something like this command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">GET / HTTP/1.0<br />User-Agent: HaveABogusCookieThisIsAJoke 123.4<br />Cookie: /; MyBogusCookie<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <u><span style="color: blue;">Überhacker! -- How to Break into Computers <../uberhacker/index.shtml></span></u> book details a number of serious attacks you can perform through sending funny input to a webserver. Basically, you need to learn how to write shell programs, and then find ways to get them to be run by the webserver. I'm not going to explain them here, however. These attacks, when carried out against a vulnerable webserver, are so easy that little kids could do them, and I don't want to be responsible for their behavior. It's much harder for little kids to get a hold of Russell's and my books than it is for them to read this GTMHH on the Happy Hacker website.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So are you dying to know what to send a webserver in order to break into it, without having to buy a book? Here are some hints. How to do this will depend on what webserver it is, what operating system it runs on, whether its security weaknesses have been fixed, and whether the web designer has used things such as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) or Server Side Includes (SSIs) that have weaknesses in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 5pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You will have to research these issues at Web sites that archive vulnerabilities and exploits such as <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.securityfocus.com/></span></u>and <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://packestorm.securify.com/></span></u>. You will need to study web site programming (HTML -- hypertext markup language, CGI and SSIs) and shell programming. You will need to learn webserver commands (documented at <u><span style="color: blue;"><http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/markup/Markup.html></span></u>). You will have to use your brain and be persistent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">But at least if you come across a telnet exploit, now you know the answer to the question "where do I type that command?"</span></div>

Telnet: the Number One Hacker Tool

In this Guide you will learn: ·          What is telnet? ·          How to telnet ·          How to get telnet accounts <begin11c.shtml...

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